What are short-term memory and long-term memory?
Long-term memory and short-term memory function differently, and each kind is influenced by a variety of circumstances. Even though occasional forgetfulness is a normal aspect of getting older, some memory issues may be a sign of something more serious. Long-term memory includes the ability to recollect memories from a more distant past, whereas short-term memory refers to the capability to remember a small amount of recent knowledge. People may struggle with either their long-term memory or their short-term memory. Depending on the underlying reason, these problems can be transitory, intermittent, or persistent (Huizen, 2021).
4 types of memory
・Sensory memory
A sensory memory is a brief, three-second-long recall of a sensory experience, such as something we recently saw or heard. It can be compared to a fleeting glimpse of our most recent event that soon fades from our awareness (Heerema, 2011).
・Short-term memory
Short-term memory refers to the temporary duration during which we can retrieve information recently encountered. Its span typically ranges from 30 seconds to a few days, though the specific timeframe may vary depending on the context in which the term is used (Heerema, 2011).
・Working memory
Even though there is overlap between the two, some researchers use the term “working memory” to separate it from short-term memory. Working memory is the brain’s ability to retain a finite amount of information for a length of time long enough to use it. It facilitates thought processing, planning, and idea execution. Working memory can be thought of as a blend of short-term and long-term memory, utilizing methods and information from the long-term memory repository to aid in calculations and decision-making (Heerema, 2011).
Long-term memory
Long-term memory encompasses the retention of memories spanning from a few days to several decades. For effective learning to occur, information must transition from sensory or short-term memory and become consolidated into long-term memory (Heerema, 2011).
How memory is stored
After a memory is formed, it undergoes a storage process, even if it is for a brief period. According to many experts, memories are stored in three stages: initially in sensory memory, then in short-term memory, and finally, for certain memories, in long-term memory. The distinct stages of human memory act as a filter, safeguarding us from the overwhelming influx of information we encounter every day, as not everything needs to be retained in our brain (Mohs, 2007).
How long is short-term memory?
The majority of information retained in short-term memory tends to remain stored for around 20 to 30 seconds, or sometimes even less. Certain pieces of information may persist in short-term memory for up to a minute, but in general, information rapidly diminishes unless actively rehearsed through methods like verbalizing or mentally repeating it. Nonetheless, short-term memory is vulnerable to interference, whereby the introduction of new information swiftly displaces old information. Additionally, similar elements in the surroundings can also disrupt short-term memories (Cherry, 2022).
How long-term memory forms
The information-processing model of memory draws a parallel between human memory and a computer system. Human memory follows a similar pattern to how data is initially stored in short-term memory and then moved to long-term memory for long-term storage. Recallability is improved by frequent retrieval and access, which strengthens memories. Repeated retrieval improves the brain connections that are used to encode the information, making it easier to recall. Environmental cues are used to obtain information from long-term storage when it is needed, much like retrieving a saved folder on a computer. It’s vital to remember that these memories might shift or, in some situations, even disappear completely. Infrequently recalled memories may eventually deteriorate or be replaced by new knowledge (Cherry, 2011).
Reference
Cherry, K. (2011). Long-Term Memory – Types, Duration, and Capacity. [online] Verywell Mind. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-long-term-memory-2795347 [Accessed 22 May 2023]
Cherry, K. (2022). Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity. [online] Verywell Mind. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-short-term-memory-2795348 [Accessed 22 May 2023]
Heerema, E. (2011). 4 Types of Memory: Sensory, Short-Term, Working & Long-Term. [online] Verywell Health. Available at: https://www.verywellhealth.com/types-of-memory-explained-98552 [Accessed 22 May 2023]
Huizen, J. (2021). Short- and long-term memory loss: Causes, symptoms, and more. [online] www.medicalnewstoday.com. Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/memory-loss [Accessed 22 May 2023]
Mohs, R. (2007). How Human Memory Works. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/human-memory2.htm [Accessed 22 May 2023]
